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Adrenaline/Epinephrine Powder Description:
A stress hormone produced within the adrenal gland that quickens the heart beat, strengthens the force of the hearts contraction, and opens up the bronchioles in the lungs, among other effects. The secretion of adrenaline is part of the human fight or flight response to fear, panic, or perceived threat. Also known as epinephrine.

Epinephrine stimulates alpha-, beta1-, and beta2-adrenergic receptors in dose-related fashion. It is the initial drug of choice for treating bronchoconstriction and hypotension resulting from anaphylaxis as well as all forms of cardiac arrest. It is useful in managing reactive airway disease, but beta-adrenergic agents are often used initially because of their convenience and oral inhalation route.

Adrenaline/Epinephrine Powder Actions:
Norepiniphrine (also called noradrenaline)is a molecule made in the brain and limbic system, and involves only a slight modification from the basic adrenaline structure. This molecule, however, serves a much different purpose. It is one of the main neurotransmitters, which means it is the chemical which jumps the gap (synapse) between nerve endings, so transmitting the signal between one nerve and the next. When it is working inside the brain, it gives rise to our thought processes and emotions.

Another one of its main functions in the body is to maintain muscle tone in the blood vessels, thereby controlling blood pressure. People who suffer from hypertension (high blood pressure) are often given a drug called reserpine which works by greatly reducing the amount of norepinephrine in the nerve endings.

Rapid injection produces a rapid increase in systolic pressure, ventricular contractility, and heart rate. In addition, epinephrine causes vasoconstriction in the arterioles of the skin, mucosa, and splanchnic areas and antagonizes the effects of histamine.

The actions of epinephrine are complex, owing to its stimulatory effects on α- and β-adrenergic receptors (or adrenoceptors, so named for their reaction to the adrenal hormones), which produce various responses, depending on the specific receptor and the tissue in which it occurs.

Hence, epinephrine causes constriction in many networks of minute blood vessels but dilates the blood vessels in the skeletal muscles and the liver. In the heart, it increases the rate and force of contraction, thus increasing the output of blood and raising blood pressure. In the liver, epinephrine stimulates the breakdown of glycogen to glucose, resulting in an increase in glucose levels in the blood. It also acts to increase the level of circulating free fatty acids.

The extra amounts of glucose and fatty acids can be used by the body as fuel in times of stress or danger, when increased alertness and exertion are required. The physiological actions of epinephrine are terminated by metabolic breakdown with catechol-O-methyltransferase (COMT) or monoamine oxidase (MAO), by reuptake into nerve endings, and by diffusion from active sites.

Adrenaline/Epinephrine Powder Usage:
Epinephrine is used in emergencies to treat very serious allergic reactions, or anaphylactic shock reactions to insect stings/bites, foods, drugs, or other substances. When an animal is known to have anaphylactic reactions, a veterinarian will often prescribe a supply of epinephrine to be kept on hand for use in emergencies.

Epinephrine is used in foal resuscitation and cardiopulmonary resuscitation of newborn foals.

Epinephrine is also added to local anesthetics to retard systemic absorption and prolong effect.

As an ophthalmic/adrenergic agonist, it is used for meiosis refractory and atropine treatment, and in the treatment of glaucoma.

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